00
164444
Osmania University library
Call No 4 | Accession No
Author Title
This book should be returned on or before the date last marked below.
THE THOUGHT AND CHARACTER OF WILLIAM JAMES
VOLUME II. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY
•••^••••••^••^•••••••^•••^••••••••^••••WIBlWBMHB^BmBM
Courtesy of Charles Scribner's Sons
WILLIAM JAAIKS
Portrait by Mrs. Ellen Funnel Rand, iy resented h\ l:rieuds
and Former Pupils to Harvard University on January .18, lyio,
and Hung in the Faculty Room, University Hall
THE THOUGHT AND CHARACTER OF
WILLIAM JAMES
As revealed in unpublished correspondence and notes ', together with his published writings
By RALPH BARTON PERRY
VOLUME II
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY
With Illustrations
LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.
PRINTED IN THE UNITBl) STATES OF AMERICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS PART IV. PSYCHOLOGY
LII EARLY STUDY AND TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY 3
The New Psychology in Germany in 1867 — James's Approach, 3, Psychology in France and England — James's Cosmopolitanism, 5. The Be- ginnings of the New Psychology in America. Controversy over the First Laboratory, 6. James's First Teaching of Psychology, 10. The Labora- tory in Lawrence Hall, 13. James and Stanley Hall, 15. James As an Experimental Psycholo- gist, 23
Letters: —
G. Stanley Hall to W. J., April 7, 1890 . 6
W. J. to G. Stanley Hall, Oct. 12 [1895] W.J. to Charles W. Eliot, Dec. 2, 1875 W. J. to G. Stanley Hall, Sept. 3, 1879 Ibid., Oct. 10 [1879] .... G. Stanley Hall to W. J., Oct. 26 [1879] Ibid., Dec. 27 [1879] .... W.J. to G. Stanley Hall, Jan. 16, 1880 G. Stanley Hall to W. J., Feb. 15 [1880] W.J. to G. Stanley Hall, March 16 [1880]
9 10
17
18 19
20 21
LIII THE AUTOMATON THEORY .... 25
Early Attitude to the Automaton Theory, 25. The Baltimore Lectures of 1878, 27. The Lowell Lec- tures 61*1878, 28. Rejection of Automatism and Parallelism, 32. The Reflex Arc Theory, 32
Letters: —
W. J. to C. A. Strong, Oct. 21 [ 1889] . . 26 Francis J. Child to James R. Lowell, Aug. 12
[1878] 27
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Notes for Baltimore and Lowell Lectures, 1878 28
LIV THE WRITING OF THE "PRINCIPLES" . . 34
Negotiations with Henry Holt, 34. The Piece- meal Composition of the Principles — Motives
vi CONTENTS
and Difficulties, 36. Beginnings of the Work — Turning Point in 1883, 38. Ups and Downs, 39. Articles Sent to Croom Robertson, 40. Nearing Completion — Author vs. Publisher, 44. Finished at Last — Correcting Proof, 48
Letters: —
W. J. to Henry Holt, Nov. 22, 1878 . . 34
Ibid., Nov. 25, 1878 35
W. J. to A. H. J., Feb. 10, 1883 ... 38
W. J. to Croom Robertson, Oct. 4, 1886 . 41
*Ibid., Oct. 7, 1888 42
Ibid., Nov. 4, 1888 43
W. J. to Henry Holt, March 21, 1890 . . 44
Henry Holt to W. J., April 2, 1890 . . 45
W. J. to Henry Holt, April 5, 1890 . . 46
Henry Holt to W. J., April 7, 1890 . . 46
W. J. to Henry Holt, April 8, 1890 . . 47
*Ibid.f May 9, 1890 47
W. J. to A. J., July 23, 1890 .... 48
W. J. to Henry Holt, July 27, 1890 . . 49
Ibid., Aug. 12, 1890 49
LV GENERAL SOURCES OF THE "PRINCIPLES" . 51
Functionalism, 51. The Preface to the Italian Translation, 52. The Wide Range of James's Sources — Wundt, Helmholtz, and Bain, 54. James and Ward — Ward's Britannica Article, 56. James and Stumpf — Beginnings of Their Friend- ship, 59. The Tonpsychologie, 61. Comparison of Views on Psychology and Psychologists, 64. Common Antipathies — Spencer and Wundt, 66
Letters: —
James Ward to W. J., Dec. 20, 1880 . . 57
W. J. to James Ward, Feb. 27, 1881 . . 58
Ibid., July 29, 1886 59
W. J. to Carl Stumpf, Nov. 26, 1882 . . 60
Ibid., Nov. 15, 1884 6 1
*Ibid., Jan. i^ 1886 64
Carl Stumpf to W. J., Sept. 8, 1886 . . 66
*W. J. to Carl Stumpf, Feb. 6, 1887 . . 68
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Note in W. J.'s copy of Wundt's System der Philosophie ...... 55
LVI SOURCES OF SPECIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DOC- TRINES 72
Positivism — Epistemological Dualism, 72. Con-
CONTENTS vii
fusions and Ambiguities, 73. Naturalism and Teleology, 75. Stream of Thought — Anti-Asso- ciationism, 76. Nativism — The Application to Space, 80. James and Hodgson, 81. James's Originality, 82. Criticism by Robertson, 84. Per- ception of Time, 87. The Will, 87. The Emo- tions, 89. Habit, 90
Letters : —
Shadworth H. Hodgson to W. J., Dec. 10, 1887 81
W. J. to S. M. Ilsley, Sept. 22, 1895 ... 83
W. J. to Croom Robertson, Nov. 9, 1887 . 84
Ibid., Aug. 22, 1888 85
Unpublished Notes, etc.
"The Object of Cognition/' 1882-83 . . 73
Notes for Baltimore and Lowell Lectures, 1878 80 Note in W. J.'s copy of Briefer Course . . 90
LVII THE RECEPTION OF THE "PRINCIPLES" . 91
Its Popularity, 91. Criticism of Special Doctrines, 92. Response from Shadworth Hodgson, 93. Ward's Comments and James's Replies, 95. Friendly Praise from Stumpf, 101. James's Re- ply to Marillier's Criticism, 102. Sully Disap- proves, 103. Characteristic Criticism from Peirce, 104, and Stanley Hall, 108. Praise from Howells, no. A Review by Santayana, no
Letters: —
J. Delboeuf to W. J., May 5, 1887 ... 92
George H. Howison to W. J., Sept. 16, 1888 92
Shadworth H. Hodgson to W. J., Aug. 19, 1891 93
James Ward to W. J., Jan. 12, 1891 . . 95
W. J. to James Ward, Nov. I, 1892 . . 96
James Ward to W. J., Nov. 10, 1892 . . 98
W. J. to James Ward, Nov. 15, 1892 . . 100
W. J. to C. Stumpf, Dec. i, 1890 . . . 101
W. J. to Marillier [1893 ?] IO2
Unpublished Notes, etc.
C. S. Peirce, "Questions on W. J.'s Psychology'9 105
LVIII JAMES'S OPINION OF PSYCHOLOGY . .112
His Judgment on His Own Book, 112. His Opin- ion of Experimental Psychology, 114. The Need for the Flexible Mind, 117. His Demand for an Explanatory Psychology, 119. Functional Psy- chology, 121. Psychoanalysis, 122
viii CONTENTS
Letters: —
W. J. to James Sully, July 8, 1890 . .
W. J. to George H. Howison, April 2, 1894 . 1 16
*W. J. to Hugo Miinsterberg, July 8, 1891 . 117
W. J. to Prof. Mary W. Calkins, Sept. 19, 1909 123
LIX THE AFTERMATH OF THE "PRINCIPLES" . 125
The Briefer Course, 125. The Problem of Feeling
— Pleasure, Pain, and /Esthetics, 126. Popular Lectures on Psychology — Talks to Teachers, 128. Psychology and Immortality — The Transmission Theory, 132. James and Ward on Immortality, 134
Letters: —
W. J. to Henry Holt, Oct. 25, 1891 . . .126 W. J. to George H. Howison, April 5, 1897 • I29
Ibid., Oct. 27, 1897 131
* W. J. to Thomas Davidson, Oct. 20, 1898 . 134
James Ward to W. J., Dec. 1 1, 1898 . . .135 W. J. to James Ward, Jan. 28, 1899 . . . 136
LX JAMES AND MUNSTERBERG . . . 138
Hugo Miinsterberg Invited to Direct the Lab- oratory, 138. James and Miinsterberg, Their Col- laboration As Psychologists, 142. Diverging Views
— The Grundziige and Its Dedication, 147. Phil- osophical Differences, 150. Dedication of Emer- son Hall, 151. The Witmer Incident, 153
Letters: —
*W. J. to Hugo Miinsterberg, Feb. 21, 1892 . 138
Ibid., May 3, 1892 140
W. J. to Josiah Royce, June 22, 1892 . . 140
W. J. to Carl Stumpf , June 24, 1892 . . . 142
W. J. to Hugo Miinsterberg, Nov. 24, 1892 . 142
Ibid., Sept. 2, 1896 145
Ibid., Jan. 14, 1897 146
Ibid., June 18, 1900 147
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Notes in W. J.'s copy of the Grundzuge . .150 Note on Grundzuge for seminary of 1903-4 . 150
LXI PSYCHICAL RESEARCH . . . . 155
Sources of His Interest, 155. Therapeutic In- terest, 157. Relations with the Society for Psy- chical Research, 160. The Growing Burden, 163.
CONTENTS ix
James and Frederic Myers, 165. James's Inves- tigations and Conclusions — Relations to Psycho- pathology, 1 68. The Supernormal Phenomena — James's Doubts, Beliefs, and Theories, 170
Letters: —
F. W. H. Myers to W. J., Nov. 16, 1893 . . 157
W. J. to F. W. H. Myers, Dec. 17, 1893 . . 158
W. J. to Thomas Davidson, Dec. 13, 1890 . . 161
F. W. H. Myers to W. J., Jan. 12, 1891 . . 163
* W. J. to F. W. H. Myers, Jan. 30, 1891 . . 163 W. J. to Henry Sidgwick, Nov. 8, 1895 • • J^4 W. J. to F. W. H. Myers, Jan. 19, 1897 - - l65 F. W. H. Myers to W. J., Feb. 3, 1897 . . 166
Unpublished Notes, etc.
^Hysteria/' 1897 156
Notes for Lowell Lectures of 1896-97 . . 169
LXII JAMES AND STUMPF: FROM PSYCHOLOGY TO
PHILOSOPHY . . . . . 173
Shifting of Interest, 173. Praise of Stumpf and His Writings, 174. A Long Holiday Abroad — To Hodgson and Flournoy, 175. Letters from Italy — Philosophical Reading, 178. Switzerland after Italy, 181. The Chills and Fevers of Friend- ship, 183. Home Again — News of Psychology from America, 186. The Munich Congress — James Does Not Choose to Attend, 189. James's Illness and Gifford Lectures, 192. James Elected to Prussian Academy, 196. James's Philosophy and Stumpf 's Dissent, 202
Letters: —
W. J. to Carl Stumpf, Sept. 21, 1891 . . 174 W. J. to Shadworth H. Hodgson, March 28,
July 13, 1892 176
* W. J. to Theodore Flournoy, Sept. 19, 1892 . 177 W. J. to A. H. J., Nov. 2, 1892 . . .178 W. J. toH. J.*, Nov. 6 [1892] . . . .179 W. J. to Carl Stumpf, Dec. 20, 1892 . . 180 Ibid., April 24 [1893] ..... 181 Carl Stumpf to W. J., May 17, 1893 . . . 183 W. J. to Carl Stumpf, May 26, 1893 . . . 183
Ibid., Sept. 12, 1893 1 86
Ibid., Jan. 24, 1894 ..... 187
Ibid., Dec. 18, 1895 189
Ibid., Nov. 24-28, 1896 ..... 190 Ibid., Aug. 30, 1899 . . . . .192 Carl Stumpf to W. J., Sept. 8, 1899 . . .193
CONTENTS
W. J. to Carl Stumpf , Sept. 10, 1899 Ibid., March 17, 1900 . ... Ibid., June 8, 1900 .... Ibid., July 10, 1901 Ibid., Aug. 6, 1901 .... Ibid., Jan. I, 1904 .... Carl Stumpf to W. J., May 8, 1907 . W. J. to Carl Stumpf, May 20, 1907 .
194 196 197 198 199 200 202 202
PART V. ETHICS AND RELIGION
LXIII THE WILL TO BELIEVE .... 207
Discouragement with Philosophy, 207. The Will to Believe, Sources and Doctrines, 208. The Es- sence of Fideism, 209. Pluralism — Individualism and Heroism, 211. James and Lutoslawski, 213. James and Howison, Agreement and Disagreement, 217. Comment from Charles Peirce, 221
Letters: —
W. J. to George H. Howison, July 17, 1895 . 207
W. J. to Wincenty Lutoslawski, May 16, 1900 . 215
W. J. to George H. Howison, June 17, 1901 . 217
George H. Howison to W. J., July 21, 1901 . 219
C. S. Peirce to W. J., March 13, 1897 • • 222
Ibid., March 18, 1897 223
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, March 27, 1897 • • 224
LXIV A CHAPTER OF CRITICISMS .... 225
Benjamin Paul Blood — His Relations with James, 225. Early Correspondence, 226. James Pays Blood a Visit, 229. A Reflection on "Is Life Worth Living?" 230. Appreciation and Criticism of The Will to Believe, 232. An Exchange with Chapman, 235. Objections from F. H. Bradley, 237. The Discussion with Dickinson S. Mil- ler, 240. Intervention by Schiller, Marshall, and Baldwin, 241. Hobhouse — A Protest and a Re- ply, 245. Fideism and Pragmatism, 248
Letters: —
Benjamin Paul Blood to W. J., Aug. 9, 1882 . 226
Ibid., June n, 1887 ..... 227
W. J. to Benjamin Paul Blood, June 19, 1887 . 228
Benjamin Paul Blood to W. J., June 20 [1895] 229
Ibid., June 7 [1896] 230
W. J. to Benjamin Paul Blood, June 28, 1896 231
Benjamin Paul Blood to W. J., April 18, 1897 232
CONTENTS xi
W. J. to Benjamin Paul Blood, April 28, 1897 234
John Jay Chapman to W. J., March 30, 1897 . 235
W. J. to John Jay Chapman, April 5, 1897 . . 237
F. H. Bradley to W. J., Sept. 21, 1897 . . 238
W. J. to H. R. Marshall, Feb. 9 [1899] . . 242
* W. J. to J. M. Baldwin [1899] . . .243
* Ibid., Oct. 24, 1901 ..... 244
* W. J. to L. T. Hobhouse, Aug. 12, 1904 . . 245 L. T. Hobhouse to W. J., Sept. 8, 1904 . . 247 W. J. to Horace M. Kallen, Aug. I, 1907 . . 249
LXV ETHICS VERSUS ^ESTHETICS .... 250
James's Moral Earnestness — Relations with Holmes, 250. Distaste for Decadence — Switzer- land As an Ideal, 251. Moralist vs. Artist — Art vs. Esthetics, 253. The Relativity of Esthetic Values, 255. Art Associated with Tradition, 257. Subordination of Feeling to Moral Will, 258. Ethics vs. Psychology of Moral Experience, 260. Historical Sources — Spencer and Mill, 261
Letters: —
W. J. to Charles Ritter, Oct. 5, 1892 . . . 252
W. J. to Miss Grace Norton, July 6, 1900 . . 253
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Diary, April n, 1868 ..... 255 Notes in W. J.'s copy of Critique of Judgment 256 "Sentimentality," circ. 1878 .... 261
LXVI MORAL PHILOSOPHY 263
Philosophy 4, and "The Moral Philosopher/' 263. Individualism the Fundamental Principle, 265. Tolerance — to the Mass and to Individuals — Peabody, Munsterberg, and Santayana, 267. An- tagonistic Motives — The Gospel of Heroism, 270. Its Psychology, 272. Kipling, 274. Reconcilia- tion of Martial and Humanitarian Motives, 277
Letters: —
W. J. to H. J.", Feb. 15, 1891 . . . .274 Rudyard Kipling to W. J. [Aug. 31, 1896] . 276
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Outline for Philos. 4, 1888-89 . . . .263
Note, May 16, 1873 268
Ibid., circ. 1873 ...... 268
Note circ. 1868 . . . . . .271
W. J., Diary, May 22, 1868 . . . .271
xii CONTENTS
LXVII SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SENTIMENTS . . 280
Springs of James's Humanity, 280. His Sociabil- ity, 281. His Gift for Friendship, 282. What His Friendship Meant to Others, 284. His Judg- ment of Men, 287. Meaning of Progress, 289. James As an Intellectual Liberal — Influence of Godkin, 290. James As a Mugwump, 296. The Role of the Educated Man, 298
Letters: —
W. J. to Mrs. Francis J. Child, March 27 [ 1885 ] 283 W. J. to C. E. Norton, Nov. 16, 1907 . . 283 C. E. Norton to W. J., Dec. 14, 1907 . . .284 J. Delbceuf to W. J., Nov. 2, 1886 . . .285 Charles Ritter to W. J,, June 15, 1902 . . 285 C. S. Peirce to H. J.*, Sept. 21, 1910 . . .286 W. J. to Henry Holt, June 19, 1896 . . . 287 W. J. to E. L. Godkin, June 25, 1901 . . 291 E. L. Godkin to W. J., July 9 [1901] . . 292 W. J. to Mrs. E. L. Godkin, Sept. 15, 1901 . 292
Ibid., March 14, 1902 293
Henry L. Higginson to W. J., Feb. 7, 1903 . 295
* W. J. to Henry L. Higginson, Feb. 8, 1903 . 296 W. J. to Frederick G. Bromberg, June 30, 1884 296
Unpublished Notes, etc. "Address to Graduate School/' Jan. 9, 1902 . 298
LXVIII JAMES As A REFORMER .... 300
Temperance, 300. The Three-Year Degree, 302. The Licensing of Medical Practitioners, 303. The Venezuela Incident, 304. Anti-Imperialism, 309. James and Theodore Roosevelt, 313. Internation- alism and Americanism, 315. Lynching, 317. Mental Hygiene, 318. Practical Idealism — James and Santayana, 319
Letters: —
W. J. to Francis G. Peabody, Oct. 18 [1894] . 301
* W. J. to F. W. H. Myers, Jan. i, 1896 . . 305 W. J. to W. M. Salter, Feb. 10, 13, 1896 . . 306 W. J. to Theodore Flournoy, June 17, 1898 . 307 W. J. to W. M. Salter, Nov. 18, 1898 . . 309
* W. J. to G. H. Palmer, April 2, 1900 . . 319 George Santayana to W. J., Easter, 1900 . . 320
Unpublished Notes, etc. "Alcohol/' 1894-95 300
CONTENTS xiii
LXIX VARIETIES OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE . . 323
Origins and Antecedents — Influence of His Father, 323. Personal, Psychological, and Prag- matistic Interests, 324. The Gifford Lectures, 325. Doctrine of the Varieties, 326. James As a Meth- odist, 329. Description and Justification of Re- ligious Experience, 333
Letters: —
W. J. to Borden P. Bowne, March 31, 1901 . 330 Ibid., Dec. 29, 1903 331
Unpublished Notes, etc.
"Faith/' 1899 [ ?] 327
Notes for Gifford Lectures .... 328
Ibid 33 1
Lectures, Summer School of Theology, 1902,
1906 332
LXX RECEPTION OF THE "VARIETIES" . . . 336
Comment by Eliot, 336. Replies to Friends, 338. Discussion with Barrett Wendell, 339. From Col- leagues — Ernst Mach — Carl Stumpf , 341. Crit- icisms from Students of Religion — Starbuck and Leuba, 346
Letters: —
Josiah Royce to W. J., June 20, 1902 . . 336
Charles W. Eliot to W. J., Aug. 9, 1902 . . 336
W. J. to Charles W. Eliot, Aug. 13, 1902 . . 337
W. J. to Mrs. Glendower Evans, Aug. 25, 1902 338
W. J. to Grace Norton, Sept. 12, 1902 . . 338
* Barrett Wendell to W. J., Aug. 22, 1902 . . 340
* W. J. to Barrett Wendell, Aug. 24, 1902 . . 340
* Barrett Wendell to W. J., Sept. 22, 1902 . . 341 Carl Stumpf to W. J., March 26, 1904 . . 342 W. J. to Carl Stumpf, July 17, 1904 . . . 345 W. J. to James Leuba, March 25 [1901] . . 347
* Ibid., April 17, 1904 ..... 348
LXXT JAMES'S PERSONAL FAITH .... 352
Moralistic Pluralism, 352. Belief in God, and Its Grounds, 354. Immortality — His Growing Be- lief, 355. His Relations to Institutional Religion, 357
Letter: —
W. J. to C. E. Norton, Oct. 17, 1908 . . 359
XIV
CONTENTS
Unpublished Notes, etc.
W. J., Diary, March 22, 1870 .... 356 Lectures, Summer School of Theology, 1902,
1906 358
PART VI. THE ULTIMATE PHILOSOPHICAL
SYSTEM
LXXII DEEPENING OF THE METAPHYSICAL INTEREST 363
The Projected Metaphysics, 363. Philosophical Development During the 'gos • — The Psychological Seminary, 364. Philosophical Problems of Psy- chology, 367. "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results/' 371. The Decks Cleared for Metaphysics (1902), 372. Philosophy 3, 1902-3, 373. Beginnings of the New Book, 377
Letter: —
W. J. to F. C S. Schiller, April 8, 1903 . . 374
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Notes for Psychological Seminary, 1895-96 . 365 Philosophical Problems of Psychology, 1897-98 368
LXXIII NOTES, BROUILLONS, AND PROVISIONAL DRAFTS 378
Opening of the New Metaphysics, 378. Meta- physical Seminary, 1903-4, 381. Miscellaneous Notes and Drafts, 384. Philosophy 9, 1904-5, 386
Unpublished Notes, etc.
"The Many and the One," "Introduction II" . 378
Ibid., "Introduction I" 380
Notes for Metaphysical Seminary, 1903-4 . 381
Notes, 1903-6 ...... 384
"World of Pure Experience," 1903-4 [?] . 385
Notes for Philosophy 9, 1904-5 . . . 386
LXXIV RADICAL EMPIRICISM 387
The Writing of the Essays, 387. The Doctrine and Its Sources, 389. Outstanding Difficulties — Ex- perientialism and Subjectivism — Fite, 391. The Miller-Bode Objections, 393. Panpsychism — James and Strong, 394. Exchange of Views with Santayana, 395. Strong and Panpsychism, 403
Letters: —
W. J. to G. C. Ferrari, Feb. 22, 1905 . . 387 Theodore Flournoy to W. J., Oct. 9, 1904 . . 388
CONTENTS xv
W. J. to Warner File, April 3, 1906 . . . 391
George Santayana to W. J., Nov. 29, 1904 . 396
W. J. to George Santayana, Feb. 8, 1905 . . 398
W. J. to Dickinson S. Miller, Nov. 10, 1905 . 399
George Santayana to W. J., Dec. 5, 1905 . . 399
Ibid., Dec. 6, 1905 ...... 401
C. A. Strong to W. J., Aug. 23, 1905 . . 403
Ibid., Sept. 20, 1906 ..... 404
Unpublished Notes, etc.
"Notes on Strong's book," 1903 . . . 395
LXXV INFLUENCE OF* CHARLES PEIRCE . . . 406
Early Influence, 406. James and Peirce on Prag- matism, 407. James and Peirce on Pluralism, 411. Correspondence of Peirce and James, 412. Peirce's "Prospectus," 413. Peirce and Schelling, 415. James Presses Peirce's Appointment, 416. Ar- ranges His Cambridge Lectures, 418
Letters: —
W. J. to C. S. Peirce [May 1892] . . .413
C. S. Peirce to W. J., Jan. i, 1894 . . . 413
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, Jan. 24, 1894 . . . 414
C. S. Peirce to W. J., Jan. 27, 1894 . . .4*5
Ibid., Jan. 28, 1894 . . . . .415
W. I. to Charles W. Eliot, March 3, 1895 . • 4*6
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, Dec. 22 [1897] . . 418
C. S. Peirce to W. J., Dec. 26, 1897 . . . 419 Ibid., Jan. 4, 1898 ...... 420
LXXVI JAMES AND PEIRCE: RELATIONS PHILOSOPHI- CAL AND PERSONAL (1902-1909) . . 422
The National Academy of Science and the Carnegie Corporation, 422. The Philosophy 3 Syllabus,
425. More Lectures at Cambridge and Boston,
426. Peirce Explains His Views — Pragmatism, 430. Radical Empiricism, 430. Both Doctrines Discussed, 432. The Limits of Logic, 437
Letters: —
C. S. Peirce to A. H. J., April 12 [1902] . . 422
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, May 2, 1902 . . . 423
C. S. Peirce to W. J., June 12, 1902 . . 424
Ibid., Jan. 23, 1903 425
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, June 5, 1903 . . . 427
C. S. Peirce to W. J., June 8, 1903 . . . 428
Ibid., March 7, 1904 ..... 430
Ibid., Oct. 3, 1904 431
XVI
CONTENTS
Ibid., Dec. 6, 1904 ....
Ibid., July 23, 1905
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, Aug. i, 1905 .
C. S. Peirce to W. J., June 13, 1907 .
Ibid., March 9, 1909
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, March 10, 1909
C. S. Peirce to W. J., March 14, 1969
W. J. to C. S. Peirce, March 21, 1909
432 433 435 436 437 438 439 440
LXXVII PRAGMATISM: ITS PLACE IN JAMES'S DE- VELOPMENT 441
Lecturing on the New System, 441 . Philosophy 9, 1905-6, 443. An Introductory Course, 444. New Sketches for "The Book," 446. The Lectures on Pragmatism, 447. Pragmatism in James's Earlier Thought — The Pragmatic Method, 448. Prag- matic Theory of Truth, 449
Letter: —
* W. J. to H. J.3, Sept. 10, 1906 . . . .441
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Wellesley — Chicago — Glenmore Lectures, 1905 442 Notes for Philosophy 9, 1905-6 . . . 443 Syllabus in Philosophy la, 1905-6 . . . 445 Sketches of "The Book," 1905-6 . . .446
Note, Nov. 20, 1873 44^
Note, circ. 1876-77 450
L XXVIII THE RECEPTION OF PRAGMATISM . . 452
The Success of Pragmatism, 452. Self-Appraisal — The Meaning of Truth, 453. Endorsement by Flournoy, 456. Skeptical Friends — Holmes, 457. A Convert — J. E. Russell, 462. Support from Science, 462. Disagreement and Disapproval - — Everett, Ward, Pollock, Hodgson, 463. James's Growing Self-Confidence, 467
Letters: —
W. J. to Theodore Flournoy, Jan. 2, 1907 . . 452
W. J. to Helen Keller, Dec. 17, 1908 . . . 455
Theodore Flournoy to W. J., March 16, 1907 456
* W. J. to Theodore Flournoy, March 26, 1907 456 O. W. Holmes, Jr., to W. J., Nov. 10, 1890 . 457
Ibid., May 24, 1896 458
Ibid., March 24, 1907 459
Ibid., April I, 1907 461
C. C. Everett to W. J., Oct. 29, 1898 . . 464
James Ward to W. J., July 18, 1907 . . . 464
CONTENTS
XVII
Frederick Pollock to W. J., Oct. 5, 1907 . . 465
Shadworth H. Hodgson to W. J., June 18, 1907 466
W. J. to T. S. Perry, Aug. I, 1907 . . . 467
Ibid., Feb. 27, 1908 468
LXXIX THE DEFENSE OF PRAGMATISM . . . 469
Pragmatism and Neo-Fichteanism — Miinsterberg, 469. The Pragmatic Meaning of Absolutism, 472. Theoretic Satisfactions and Their Precedence — Perry, 474. Knowledge of the Past — Lane, 476. A Popular Restatement and Orientation of Prag- matism, 478. Diverse Interpretations — Lovejoy, 480. The Thirteen Pragmatisms, or More, 482. The Rejection of "Propositions/* 484. Bradley on Humanism, 485. Bradley's Pragmatism, 489. Partial Agreement and Ultimate Disagreement, 491
Letters: —
W. J. to Hugo Miinsterberg, March 16, 1905 . 469
Ibid., June 28, 1906 ..... 470
Hugo Miinsterberg to W. J., July I, 1906 . 471
* W. J. to Mrs. Glendower Evans, Dec. n, 1906 473 W. J. to R. B. Perry, Aug. 4, 1907 . . .475
* Alfred C. Lane to W. J., Oct. 20, 1907 . . 476
* W. J. to Alfred C. Lane, Oct. 28, 1907 . . 477 W. J. to A. O. Lovejoy, Sept. 13, 1907 . . 480 Ibid., Dec. 22, 1907 ..... 482 A. O. Lovejoy to W. J., Jan. I, 1908 . . 483 W. J. to H. N. Gardiner, Jan. 9, 1908 . . 484 W. J. to F. H. Bradley, June 16, 1904 . . 487 F. H. Bradley to W. J., Oct. 15, 1904 . . 488 Ibid., April 28, 1905 ..... 489 Ibid., March 25, 1909 ..... 490 Ibid., May 30, 1909 ..... 491
Unpublished Notes, etc.
Interview in N. Y. Times, 1907 . . . 478
LXXX JAMES AND SCHILLER ..... 494
General Comparisons — Personal Idealism, 494. "Humanism/* 498. The New School of Thought, 501. Schiller, Bradley, and Polemics, 502. Rec- ognition of Differences — James As a Realist, 509. Interpreted As Difference of Emphasis, 510
Letters: —
W. J. to F. C. S. Schiller, Aug. 6, 1902 . F. C. S. Schiller to W. J., Sept. 26, 1902 . W. J. to F. C. S. Schiller, Nov. 27, 1902 .
495 496
497
XV111
CONTENTS
F. C. S. Schiller to W. J., April 24, 1903 . 498
/Wd.,June9, 1903 499
W. J. to F. C. S. Schiller, July 5, 1903 . . 500
Ibid., Sept. 10, 1903 500
Ibid., Nov. 15, 1903 501
Ibid., Feb. I, 1904 502
Ibid., Aug. 9, 1904 503
Ibid., Sept. 2, 1904 504
Ibid., May 18, 1907 506
F. C. S. Schiller to W. J., May 27, 1907 . . 507
W. J. to F. C. S. Schiller, Jan. 4, 1908 . . 509
Ibid., Dec. 4, 1909 509
Ibid., April 27, 1910 511
Ibid., May 4, 1910 512
LXXXI JAMES AND DEWEY 514
Their Differences, 514. Early Correspondence — Dewey's Ethics, 516. The "Chicago School,'* 519. The Studies in Logical Theory^ 523. Instrumen- talism, 524. Radical Empiricism, 526. Dewey Interprets P^: _;.. •''•..-. 528. James's Meaning of Truth and Dewey's Suggested Amendments, 531
Letters: —
John Dewey to W. J., May 6, 1891 . . . 516
Ibid., May 10, 1891 517
Ibid., Junes, 1891 517
Ibid. [March, 1903] 520
W. J. to John Dewey, March 23, 1903 . . 521
John Dewey to W. J., March 27, 1903 . . 522
W. J. to John Dewey, Oct. 17, 1903 . . . 523
John Dewey to W. J., Dec. 19, 1903 . . 524
Ibid., Nov. 21, 1904 ..... 527
Ibid., Nov. 28, 1907 528
Ibid., Feb. 24, 1909 ..... 529
Ibid., March 21, 1909 532
LXXXII JAMES AND STRONG 534
General Relations, 534. Pragmatism and God,
534. Strong's Manuscript on "Substitutionalism,"
535. Truth: Confluence vs. Similarity, 537. James Insists on Being a Realist ! 543. Approach- ing an Understanding, 551
Letters: —
W. J. to C. A. Strong, June I, 1907 . . . 536
C. A. Strong to W. J., June 20, 1907 . . 537
W. J. to C. A. Strong, July I, 1907 . . . 537
C. A. Strong to W. J., July 20, 1907 . . . 539
W. J. to C. A. Strong, Aug. 4, 1907 . . . 540
CONTENTS
xix
C. A. Strong to W. J., Aug. 6, 1907 .
W. J. to C. A. Strong, Aug. 21, 1907
C. A. Strong to W. J., Sept. 4, 1907
W. J. to C. A. Strong, Sept. 17, 1907
Ibid., Oct. 2, 1907 .....
C. A. Strong to W. J., Oct. 5, 1907 .
Ibid., Jan. 5, 1908 ......
W. J. to C. A. Strong, Jan. 6, 1908 .
LXXXIII BLOOD AND BOUTROUX .....
From Pragmatism to Metaphysics — Revival of Correspondence \\flth Blood, 553. Blood's Criti- cism of Pragmatism — He Harps upon Mysticism, 555. James and £mile Boutroux, 560. Pragma- tism, Pluralism, and Religion, 561. Boutroux at Harvard, 566. The Last Weeks, 568
Letters: —
Benjamin Paul Blood to W. J., March 6, 1907 . Ibid., March 13, 1907 ..... Ibid., Aug. 28, 1907 ..... Ibid., Sept. 29, 1907 ..... W. J. to Benjamin Paul Blood, Oct. n, 1907 Benjamin Paul Blood to W. J., Jan. 20, 1908 fimile Boutroux to W. J., June 27, 1907 . W. J. to fimile Boutroux, July 20, 1908 . fimile Boutroux to W. J., Dec. 18, 1908 . Ibid., May 2, 1909 ......
LXXXIV PRAGMATISM IN ITALY AND GERMANY .
Papini and His Circle, 570. James's Enthusiasm, 571. Political Pragmatism — James and Musso- lini, 574. Influence of Sorel — Sorel, Lenin, and Pragmatism, 575. Fascism and Pragmatism, Their Common Ground, 577. Pragmatism in Germany — Mach, 579. Jerusalem and Goldstein, 580. From Pragmatism to Metaphysics, 581
Letters: —
W. J. to G. Papini, April 27, 1906 . G. Papini to W. J., May 3, 1906
LXXXV A PLURALISTIC UNIVERSE ....
The Hibbert Lectures, 583. Criticism of the Monists, Lotze, Bradley, Royce, and Hegel, 584. From Pragmatism to Pluralism, 585. James and Fechner, 586. The Compounding of Conscious- ness, 588. Abandoning Logic, 589. The Con- tinuum of Experience — Realism, 590. Pluralism
542 543
548
549 550
552
553
553 555 556 557 558
559 562
563
564 565
570
572 583
XX
CONTENTS
and Religion, 592. Reception of Pluralistic Uni- verse— Mach, Montague, and Lovejoy, 593. In- terpretations to Goldstein, 597
Letters: —
Ernst Mach to W. J., May 6, 1909 .
A. O. Lovejoy to W. J., Aug. 27, 1909 .
W. J. to A. O. Lovejoy, Sept. 4, 1909
W. J. to J. Goldstein, May 21, 1909
Ibid., June 19, 1910
LXXXVII
593 595 596 597 598
LXXXVI JAMES AND BERGSON* RELATIONS AND INFLU- ENCES 599
The Question of Priority, 599. Points of Differ- ence and Agreement, 600. James's Reading of Bergson — Growing Enthusiasm, 603. Personal Contacts, 605. The Correspondence — Reciprocal Acknowledgments, 605. James Finds Difficulties, 609. Radical Empiricism, 612. They Meet at Last — Radical Empiricism Again, 614
Letters: —
* W. J. to Henri Bergson, Dec. 14, 1902 . . 605 Henri Bergson to W. J., Jan. 6, 1903 . . 606 W. J, to Henri Bergson, Feb. 6, 1903 . . 608
* Ibid., Feb. 25, 1903 600
Henri Bergson to W. J., March 25, 1903 . . 610
Ibid., Feb. 15, 1905 ..... 612
W. J. to Henri Bergson, May 13, 1905 . . 613
Ibid., May 18, 1905 ..... 613
W. J. to Henri Bergson, July 10, 1905 . . 614 Henri Bergson to W. J., July 20, 1905 . .615
Unpublished Notes, etc. Note in W. J.'s copy of L' Evolution crcatrice . 604
BERGSON AND JAMES: ESTIMATES AND INTER- PRETATIONS (1907-1910) .... 618
Lf Evolution creatrice and Pragmatism, 618. Berg- son Describes His Development, 622. Comments on A Pluralistic Universe, 625. Another Meeting, 628. Fechner, 629. Interchange of Views, 630. Mysticism, 632. Final Estimates and Compar- isons, 634
Letters: —
* W. J. to Henri Bergson, June 13, 1907 . . 618 Henri Bergson to W. J., June 27, 1907 . . 621 W. J. to Henri Bergson, May 8, 1908 . . 622
CONTENTS
xxi
Henri Bergson to W. J., May 9, 1908 W. J. to Henri Bergson, May 12, 1908
Ibid., July 19, 1908
Henri Bergson to W. J., July 23, 1908 .
* W. J. to Henri Bergson, July 28, 1908 .
* Ibid., Oct. 4, 1908
Henri Bergson to W. J., Jan. 21, 1909
Ibid., April 9, 1909
Ibid., April 30, 1909
Ibid., Oct. 28, 1909
Ibid., March 31, 1910 .....
LXXXVIII BRADLEY AND WARD
James and Bradley — Pure Experience and A Pluralistic Universe, 637. Bradley Criticizes James's Realism, 640. "Bradley or Bergson ?" 642. James and Ward — Agreement and Differ- ence, 644. Ward's Naturalism and A*:i. •:' '.».. 645. Religion and the Subconscious, 648. Berg- son and the Pluralistic Universe — Attempts at Rapprochement, 650
Letters: —
F. H. Bradley to W. J., Nov. 25, 1904
Ibid., Feb. 3, 1909 ......
Ibid., May 14, 1909
Ibid., Jan. 2, 1910 ......
Ibid., Jan. 4, 1910 .
Ibid., Jan. 28, IQIO .....
W. J. to James Ward, May 13, 1897
Ibid., Aug. 4, 1899
James Ward to W. J., Aug. 20, 1899
Ibid., July_ 1 6, 1902
W. J. to James Ward, July 29, 1902
Ibid., March 20, 1909 .....
James Ward to W. J., April 12, 1909
Ibid., April 28, 1909
W. J. to James Ward, May 16, 1909 James Ward to W. J., June 1 5, 1909 . W. J. to James Ward, June 27, 1909 . James Ward to W. J., Aug. 16, 1910 .
LXXXIX THE UNFINISHED TASK ....
Interest in Mysticism — James and Blood, 658. "A Pluralistic Mystic," 659. The Last Book — Turning to Technical Philosophy, 66 1. The Prob- lem of Novelty, 663. The Unfinished Task and Its Implications, 665. The Manifoldness and Permanence of James's Influence, 668
622 624 625 625 627 628 629 629 630
631 632
637
637 638 638 641
643 644 644
645 646 648 649 651
651 652
654 655 655 656
658
XX11
CONTENTS
Letters: —
Benjamin Paul Blood to W. J., April 24, 1909 . 659
* W. J. to Benjamin Paul Blood, June 25, 1910 . 660 W. J. to Francois Pillon, July 24, 1909 . . 662
* Albert Venn Dicey to His Wife, Aug. 30, 1910 668
XC CHARACTER AND THOUGHT: MORBID TRAITS 670
James and His Own Classifications, 670. General Health, 672. Morbid Traits — Activism As a De- fense against Hypochondria, 673. Tendency to "Hallucinatory" Experience, 674. Variability, in Long and Short Cycles, 677. Repugnance to Logic and Mathematics, 680
XCI CHARACTER AND THOUGHT: BENIGN TRAITS 682
Sensibility and Philosophical Intuition, 682. Vi- vacity and Relish for Novelty, 685. Humanity, 689. Sociability, 694. Charm — Style, 695
CONCLUSION 699
Self -Revelation, 699. Acquired Traits, 701 . Mor- alism, 702. Intellectual Conscience, 703
Unpublished Notes, etc. Notes, 1903 699
APPENDICES
I Philosophical Correspondence between William James and
His Father, 1867
II Turgenev to Henry James, Jr., Jan. 21, 1876 .
III Notes by Chauncey Wright, 1874-75 ....
IV Letters 6f j. ^Delboeuf to William James, 1882-90 . V Discussion of the Absolute, James and Royce, 1899 .
VI Royce's Criticisms of "The Meaning of the Word Truth/'
1908
VII Final Examination in Physiological Psychology, 1879-80
VIII Letters of Carl Stumpf to William James, 1886-1909
IX Syllabus of Philosophy 3, 1902-03
X The Miller-Bode Objections, 1905-08 ....
XI Letters of fi. Boutroux to William James, 1907-09 .
ABBREVIATIONS
INDEX
705 717
718
722 726
735 737 738 745 750 766
769 771
ILLUSTRATIONS
WILLIAM JAMES, 1909 Frontispiece
G. STANLEY HALL, 1881 ; HUGO MUNSTERBERG, ABOUT 1900 16
F. W. H. MYERS, ABOUT 1893; CARL STUMPF, 1896 . . 158
BENJAMIN PAUL BLOOD, 1860; WINCENTY LUTOSLAWSKI,
1904 228
WILLIAM JAMES AND THEODORE FLOURNOY, MAY 18, 1905 326
GIOVANNI PAPINI, 1903; GEORGE SANTAYANA, ABOUT 1887 572
HENRI BERGSON, ABOUT 1910; SMILE BOUTROUX, ABOUT 1908 600
JAMES WARD, 1896; F. H. BRADLEY, ABOUT 1910 . . . 640
PART IV PSYCHOLOGY
Where references to the sources have been omitted in either volume they have been recorded in an interleaved copy of the present work deposited in the Widener Library at Harvard.
LII
EARLY STUDY AND TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY
THE first of James's majoi works was the Principles of Psychology, which appeared in 1890 when the author was forty-eight years old. It was a work of first importance, not only for James but for the his- tory of psychology — the fruit of over twenty years of study and writing, carried on during a crucial period in the development of the subject to which it was devoted. For whether or no James be re- garded as one of the founders of modern psychology, in any case he was present while it was being founded, and experienced in himself the motives which led to its founding. In 1867 and 1868 he was in Germany — ostensibly pursuing his medical studies, in reality study- ing the science of physiology, combating ill-health, inviting his soul, and observing the life and monuments about him. What was the state of psychology at this time? Writing from Berlin to Thomas W. Ward in the autumn of 1867, he said : —
"It seems to me that perhaps the time has come for psychology to begin to be a science — some measurements have already been made in the region lying between the physical changes in the nerves and the appearance of consciousness-at (in the shape of sense percep- tions), and more may come of it. I am going on to study what is already known, and perhaps may be able to do some work at it. Helmholtz and a man named Wundt at Heidelberg are working at it, and I hope I live through this winter to go to them in the summer/1 1
James here alludes to the most important signs of the new "ex- perimental psychology." In 1860 Fechner2 had published his Ele- mente der Psychophysik, in which he had formulated the law which had been envisaged by E. H. Weber as early as 1846,* and which became known as the Weber-Fechner Law. This law stated the relations between intensities of stimulus and intensities of sensation,
I, 118-9. 1 Cf. below, 19, 586-8. 8 In his Tastsinn und GemeingefilhL
4 PSYCHOLOGY
and promised to qualify psychology (as "psychophysics") for mem- bership in the select circle of the